Island
Living 24: Scratch a Good American
by A. D.
Coleman |
|
From the daily
press, the radio, the tv and the Internet comes
the constant updating of changes in eastern Europe:
disintegration, upheaval, power structures collapsing
and reforming, old boundaries coming down, new ones
going up. And, underneath it all, an ominously familiar
drone: a steady rise in the incidence of anti-Semitism
in the former Soviet Union and in the reunified
Germany.
One does not
need either a highly-developed sense of irony or
a tendency toward paranoia to conclude that, just
as "the Jews" were blamed by both Soviet
Communists and Nazis for everything that happened
prior to World War II, the decimated and powerless
Jewish community that survived the Holocaust, the
Stalinist purges and the subsequent repressions
will end up accused of being responsible for everything
wrong in the eastern bloc and both Germanies for
the past forty-five years. The impulse to scapegoat,
though rooted deep in the human psyche, is nonetheless
never far from the surface, and the predictions
of imminent pogroms are not to be discounted so
long as there are large crowds of angry people looking
for some easy target to hold accountable for their
problems.
But, comfortable
though it may be to think so, not all the anti-Semitism
in the eastern bloc is home-grown; some is imported.
It is, after all, an international commodity, traded
freely, respecting no borderlines. During a trip
to what was still the Soviet Union over a decade
ago, I had a chance to observe two Americans who
trafficked in it -- to the dismay of their Soviet
host.
According to
my notebooks, it was June 13, 1988. Along with almost
two hundred other Americans, I was on a people-to-people
peace cruise along the Dneiper River in the Ukraine,
a trip sponsored by a coalition of U.S. peace groups
(primarily the Gray Panthers and SANE/Freeze), in
conjunction with their Soviet counterparts. Finally,
at the end of our river voyage, we had reached Kiev.
That morning,
during our official tour of the city, we had stopped
at Babii
Yar, site of a mass grave for 200,000 Kievites
-- roughly one-quarter of them Jewish -- slaughtered
by the Nazis during their two-year occupation of
the city. The monument, only a few years old, is
stark and powerful: a crowd of men trying bravely
but in vain to defend a nursing mother who gives
her infant a farewell kiss. The monument is surrounded
by a man-made ravine, intended to evoke the natural
ravine nearby that the Nazis used as a dumping site
for the bodies of their victims.
The construction
of the monument took place only a few years ago.
Indeed, the site was not commemorated until well
after the war -- and then only after Yevgeny Yevtushenko,
the Russian poet, wrote a poem declaring himself
to be one with the martyred dead there. Written
during the Khrushchev era, published in the Soviet
journal Literaturnaya Gazeta on September
29, 1961 -- the eve of the Jewish Day of Atonement
-- "Babii Yar" begins like this:
-
No monument stands
over Babii Yar.
A drop sheer as a crude gravestone.
I am afraid.
Today I am as old in years
as all the Jewish people.
It ends:
-
I am
each old man
here shot dead.
I am
every child
here shot dead.
Nothing in me
shall ever forget!
The "Internationale," let it
thunder
when the last antisemite on earth
is buried forever.
In my blood there is no Jewish blood.
In their callous rage, all antisemites
must hate me now as a Jew.
For that reason
I am a true Russian!
(full
text of poem)
The poem became,
overnight, the center of a firestorm, raising the
issue of Soviet anti-Semitism both past and present.
Its publication and the furious public debates it
engendered were taken as signs of an attempt at
what is now called glasnost. (After all,
Stalin's crimes finally were being brought to light
and acknowledged under Khrushchev; indeed, that
same year, Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd in a
specific ritual of dishonor.)
More than a
third of a century after the poem was first printed,
the problem of anti-Semitism in the former Soviet
Union has hardly been resolved. In some ways, the
monument at Babii Yar -- and the official treatment
of it -- can be said to epitomize this dilemma.
There is nothing noticeably Semitic about any of
the people depicted in the monumental tableau, or
any annotation that specifies it as a killing ground
for Jews. Indeed, our 1988 tour guide took great
pains to point out that more than half of those
interred there were not Jewish -- that it
was a grave for people of many faiths, nationalities
and ethnic derivations. Notably, despite its international
fame, the monument was not mentioned in the official
guidebook supplied to us by Intourist.
Yet the monument
does stand, towering and resonant. It is unguarded
and undesecrated. People, many of them -- and not
only foreign tourists like ourselves -- were there
to pay respects or bear witness, obviously unconcerned
with being observed. Some of us walked down into
the ravine. It was a very silent place, but if you
put your ear to the ground you could hear the earth
screaming.
The youngest
of our group -- I'll call him Ari -- was fourteen
years old. He had rapidly become the surrogate grandchild
of everyone on the cruise (most of whom were over
the age of sixty), and a significant ambassador
for peace in his own right. Adept at making friends,
Ari manifested a gift for sensing the right gesture,
boundless good humor, all that exhausting teenage
energy, and an open heart. By now, I'm sure, he's
a heartbreaker -- but I suspect he's a mender too.
He reminded
me much of my own son at that age; and, seeing him
so without peers in his own age group among us,
I had (with the blessing of his grandmother, with
whom he was traveling) tucked him under my wing,
serving as a kind of big brother/surrogate father.
He and I and a young potter from Boulder -- I'll
call her Dina -- had taken to hanging out together.
As a result, her father (who'll be Jerry here) was
also in frequent contact with the boy, and had been
treating him in a fatherly manner.
Ari had relatives
who died at Babii Yar. The previous evening, his
grandmother had told him of Babii Yar and of the
fate of the members of his family. Our visit there
was a solemn one for him, and he clearly bore the
burden of memory. He laid a flower and a stone on
the simple marker at the foot of the monument.
(To be
continued.)
Translation
of "Babii Yar" by George Reavey, from
The Poetry of Yevgeny Yevtushenko (October
House). © Copyright 1965, George Reavey.
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Copyright 1999 by A. D. Coleman. All rights reserved.
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